[A forecasting trial of the dento-skeletal and cutaneous facial profile, as a function of sex, in Class II, division 1 malocclusion, using regression analysis of the coordinates]. / Tentative de prédiction des profils faciaux dento-osseux et cutané, en fonction du sexe, dans une Classe II, division 1, par le procédé des "régressions" sur coordonnées.

For a pattern of 36 leucoderm subjects, aged 12 years, with Class II, division 1, prediction of results are been calculated, in each sex, proceeding bony and cutaneous points coordinates, in axis defined by S-N, with "regression" method. Bony, dental and cutaneous profiles expected 3 years afterwards can be established in a personalized way, as well as correspondent security limits. A logical make easy utilisation of this process.

[Facial volume and its global position in vestibular orientation, in adults and during growth]. / Volume facial et sa position globale en orientation vestibulaire, chez l'adulte et durant la croissance.

Two sagittal surfaces were defined on the dry skull of 96 youngs and 51 adults Caucasian subjects in vestibular orientation. The surface of the face and the surface of the "total face" (by including the buccodental and mandibular surfaces) were measured with a planimeter. From the longest maxillary and zygomatic distances, the volume of two ellipsoids were calculated. The radius of a sphere corresponding to this volume was then deducted. Each sphere was then positioned taking the vestibular coordinates, corresponding to the barycenter of the sagittal surface, as the center. The ontogenetic evolution of these two points showed a curve similar to that of all the points in the splanchnocranium of man. Quantitative results are given for volumes and calculated data. The two facial spheres were then positioned relative to two known spheres in the neurocranium. The quadrilaterals drawn between the 4 centers denote a phylogenic constancy of the directions when compared with the results observed in man and those obtained in anthropoïds.

[The use of regression functions for reconstruction of the cutaneous profile, from facial bone elements]. / Emploi des fonctions de "régression" pour la reconstruction du profil cutané, à partir des éléments faciaux squelettiques.

Based on a sample of 51 living subjects, aged 21 years, whose sex was known and who has a teleradiographic tracing of the head (including soft tissues) in vestibular orientation, statistical mean types were established using the rectangular coordinates of 9 skeletal points and 10 cutaneous points. Spatial variability was demonstrated. The position of the skin points was placed relative to the homologue skeletal points and was used for simple and multiple "regression" equations for each of the coordinates. This study demonstrated that, despite application of sophisticated statistical procedures, there is a great degree of incertainty in the validity of facial "reconstruction" for a given subject.

[The morphogenesis of the temporomandibular joint considered in its phylogenic aspects in vestibular orientation]. / La morphogenèse de l'articulation temporo-mandibulaire considérée sous son aspect phylogénique en orientation vestibulaire.

Comparative phylogenic movements of skull points can be obtained using vestibular orientation and skulls from various mammals after reducing the bimediocondyle distance to approximately 100 mm (as in man). With this method, the condyle is seen to move backwardly and rise in a very thin bony area which will be covered by the increasing volume of the encephalus. A "mandibulocerebral" index of less than 100 is a criteria of humanoid species. A part posterior to the fixed zone in primate which will become the temporal condyl in man is eroded by the mandibular condyle. The tympanum migrates upwardly and posteriorly in primates and turns forwardly in man, contributing to limit the glenoid cavity posteriorly. The anterior limit to mandibular propulsion in primates is the intercanine bite; this disappears in man as does the post-glenoid apophysis which is reduced to a tubercle with no limiting effect. In man, function of the temporomandibular joint depends on its more delicate construction than in primates. The major humanoidizing processes alone, i.e. posterior movement of the jaws and their reduced volume, bipedism, and amplification of the cerebral volume, are sufficient to explain this situation which results from the effect of phylogenic evolution.

[Spatial distribution of facial volumes. Ontogenetic and phylogenetic study with vestibular orientation]. / Répartition spatiale des volumes faciaux. Etude ontogénique et phylogénique en orientation vestibulaire.

On cephalic skeleton of Man and two species of chimpanzees, statistically considered during their growing, a sagittal area is measured in facial mass and total face. Barycenters are determined. This points describe, in vestibular axis, ontogenic curves with posterior concavity more important in Man. Remarkable relations exist between barycenters and several facial and mandibular points, and with those of frontal and parietal vault.

[Determination of the cutaneous sagittal profile of the face from knowledge of the bony profile in the European young adult]. / Détermination du profil cutané sagittal de la face, á partir de la connaissance du profil osseux chez le jeune adulte européen.

We use a pattern of 51 living subjects of which sex is known, 21 years aged, and of which we have teleradiographic tracing (with setting off cutaneous outline). Vestibular orientation is made and statistical average-type is established by vestibular coordinates showing position of 6 skeletal points and 7 cutaneous ones. Their spatial variability is studied. Cutaneous elements are situated relatively to their bony homologous, by regression equations, single and multiple, on each of the two coordinates. This study conclude is: in spite of the use of complex statistical methodologies, uncertainties persists as for validity of face reconstruction for a given subject.

[Sex difference of the facial profile: segments and angles, bony and cutaneous. A study using the discriminant function]. / Les différences sexuelles du profil facial: segments et angles, osseux et cutanés. Etude par la fonction discriminante.

We bring formula of discriminate function established from cutaneous and bone facial profile, on the one hand for segments, and other hand for angles. We propose a applying to a supplementary subject, proceeding real measurements. The result is the position in masculinity-femininity scale. It must take into account two distinct components: size and shape.

[The threshold of humanity searched from neurosplanchnocranial angular relations in the sagittal plane]. / Le seuil d'hominité recherché à partir de relations angulaires neurosplanchnocraniennes sagittales.

The measurement of occipito-manducator angles, and especially that of alvéolo-hiatical angle, by his lower apeture, is realizable without necessary skull orientation. It is able to systematize with preciseness the hominity step of a skull, when compared to a threshold estimated to 180 degrees.

[Comparative study of several processes of multivariate statistics in the morphologic analysis of the facial profile. Specificity and limits]. / Etude comparative de plusieurs procédés statistiques multivariés dans l'analyse morphologique du profil facial. Spécificité et limites.

Upon 5 cutaneous angles and 4 bony angles, measured in facial profile, several (mono and plurivariate) methods were used for research of sexual differences. We explain why discriminant analysis is the only one to bring a very significant result.

[The first clinical application of the vestibular orientation of the head using a scanner, in children presenting with asymmetry]. / Premières applications cliniques de l'orientation vestibulaire de la tête par scanner, chez des enfants présentant une asymétrie.

Digitalized imaging now allows determination the "medio-labyrinthic" plane to analyse cephalic symmetry. It is constructed from the two "vestibions", central points of the rings of lateral semi-circular canals. Reconstruction parallels this plane, passing through the vestibions provide vestibular orientation, with effective and constant coïncidence between right and left directions. That being obtained, it is easy to visualise orientation of the entire cephalic region in the three incidences of "vestibular space", and to work out sections parallels to the three vestibular planes, allowing analysis of the symmetry of the studied elements.

[Man among the primates. His position after multivariate analysis of his mandible]. / L'homme parmi les primates, étude de sa position d'après une analyse multivariée de sa mandibule.

Multivariate analysis are applied to 31 ensembles (species of Primates or human breeds), in 31 mandibular linear parameters. A reciprocal averaging show that first factorial plane reproduce the Simpson classification, simplified in 4 groups, with 63.3% of whole inertia. Discriminant analysis calculated with 13 parameters, situates these 4 groups in 3 planes. The D2 Mahalanobis generalised distance is calculated between all groups. The most contributive parameters to generalised distances are inter-molar width and breadth between foramen mentales.

[The segments of facial profiles: cutaneous and osseous. Sex differences using canonical correlations]. / Les segments des profils faciaux: cutané et osseux. Discrimination sexuelle par corrélations canoniques.

By calculation of new parameters named "canonicals", with matrix methodology, it is possible to calculate the relations between whole of cutaneous and bony profile elements and between there wholes and each facial original segment. The affinity between subjects are raised in evidence and drawn. Sexual differences are obvious in spite of 27% "bad classed" subjects.

[Sex differences of segments and angles of the facial profile, as studied by discriminant analysis]. / Différences sexuelles des segments et angles du profil facial, étudiées par l'analyse discriminante.

On cutaneous (6 linear and 5 angular parameters) and bony (5 linear and 4 angular parameters) facial profile of young adults, sexual differences were studied by discriminant analysis. They are important and boldly significant.

[The average and facial esthetics. Contribution of the factorial analysis of correspondences]. / Moyenne et esthétique du visage. Apports de l'analyse factorielle des correspondances.

A reciprocal averaging is made upon curves of cutaneous facial profile divided in 6 zones and analyzed by 2 index for each zone. Sex of subjects is considered. The main results is first opposition between ridge nose and other regions, then between lips and surrounding zones. Male distribution is more spread than female one. The females are to be distinguished by plainly and upper situated nose concavity. Sexual differentiation is not observed after first axis, and individual typology exist alone in following axis.